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Is there a relationship between chocolate consumption and symptoms of depression? A cross-sectional survey of 13,626 US adults

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posted on 2023-08-30, 16:23 authored by Sarah E. Jackson, Lee Smith, Joseph Firth, Igor Grabovac, Pinar Soysal, Ai Koyanagi, Liang Hu, Brendon Stubbs, Jacopo Demurtas, Nicola Veronese, Xiangzhu Zhu, Lin Yang
Objective: To examine associations between chocolate consumption and depressive symptoms in a large, representative sample of US adults. Methods: Data were used from 13,626 adults (≥20y) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007-08 and 2013-14. Daily chocolate consumption was derived from two 24-hour dietary recalls. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with scores ≥10 indicating the presence of clinically relevant symptoms. We used multivariable logistic regression to test associations of chocolate consumption (no chocolate, non-dark chocolate, dark chocolate) and amount of chocolate consumption (grams/day, in quartiles) with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Adults with diabetes were excluded and models controlled for relevant sociodemographic, lifestyle, health-related, and dietary covariates. Results: Overall, 11.1% of the population reported any chocolate consumption, with 1.4% reporting dark chocolate consumption. Although non-dark chocolate consumption was not significantly associated with clinically relevant depressive symptoms, significantly lower odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (OR=0.30, 95%CI 0.21-0.72) were observed among those who reported consuming dark chocolate. Analyses stratified by amount of chocolate consumption showed participants reporting chocolate consumption in the highest quartile (104-454g/day) had 57% lower odds depressive symptoms than those who reported no chocolate consumption (OR=0.43, 95%CI 0.19-0.96) after adjusting for dark chocolate consumption. Conclusions: These results provide some evidence that consumption of chocolate, particularly dark chocolate, may be associated with reduced odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Further research capturing long-term chocolate consumption and using a longitudinal design are required to confirm these findings and clarify the direction of causation.

History

Refereed

  • Yes

Volume

36

Issue number

10

Page range

987-995

Publication title

Depression and Anxiety

ISSN

1520-6394

Publisher

Wiley

File version

  • Accepted version

Language

  • eng

Legacy posted date

2019-07-10

Legacy creation date

2019-07-09

Legacy Faculty/School/Department

Faculty of Science & Engineering

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