Development, characterization and stability evaluation of ciprofloxacin-loaded parenteral nutrition nanoemulsions

In this study, two licensed total parenteral nanoemulsion formulations (Clinoleic® and Intralipid®) were loaded with ciprofloxacin (CP). The physicochemical characteristics and stability profiles of the formulations were investigated using a range of drug concentrations. Furthermore, formulation stability was evaluated over a period of six months at room temperature or 4 °C. Loading CP into nanoemulsions resulted in no significant differences in their measured droplet size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential and pH. Drug entrapment efficiency (EE) was relatively high for all formulations, regardless of nanoemulsion type, and the drug release was sustained over 24 h. Stability studies of all formulations were performed at 4 °C and room temperature (RT) for 180 and 60 days, respectively. At 4 °C for 180 days, both Clinoleic and Intralipid formulations at a range of drug concentrations (1-10 mg/ml) showed high stabilities measured periodically by the average droplet sizes, PI, pH and zeta potential values. Similar results, but pH values, were shown when the formulations for both nanoemulsion stored at RT for 60 days. Overall, this study has shown that CP was successfully loaded into clinically licensed TPN lipid nanoemulsions. The resultant CP-loaded nanoemulsion formulations demonstrated desirable physicochemical properties and were stable upon storage at 4 °C for up to six months.